笔者为女性倾向跨性别者及为之服务的医疗工作者,开发了一款基于网页的注射用雌二醇模拟器,以帮助其理解使用注射剂时的雌二醇浓度—时间关系。在模拟器的制作过程中,雌二醇水平与曲线形状在诸研究之间的差异昭然若揭(甚至同一种雌二醇酯的结果也有差别)。起初,此模拟器仅基于一项直接比较了苯甲酸雌二醇、戊酸雌二醇、环戊丙酸雌二醇(油溶液)之药代动力学的知名研究(Oriowo et al., 1980 [图表]),进行曲线的模拟;然而,鉴于不同研究当中雌二醇水平与曲线的明显差异,让该项目仅依赖一项研究的数据,是站不住脚的;需要整合多项研究的成果,使模拟结果更贴合已有数据。加入更多研究成果,也意味着可让模拟器支持模拟更多注射用雌二醇酯。本文的工作:有关雌二醇注射剂的雌二醇浓度曲线的一次非正式荟萃分析,正是为该模拟器项目而开展的。
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Rothman, M. S., Ariel, D., Kelley, C., Hamnvik, O. R., Abramowitz, J., Irwig, M. S., Soe, K., Davidge-Pitts, C., Misakian, A. L., Safer, J. D., & Iwamoto, S. J. (2024). The Use of Injectable Estradiol in Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults: A Scoping Review of Dose and Serum Estradiol Levels. Endocrine Practice, 30(9), 870–878. [DOI:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.05.008]:
Toffoli Ribeiro, C., Gois, Í., da Rosa Borges, M., Ferreira, L. G. A., Brandão Vasco, M., Ferreira, J. G., Maia, T. C., & Dias-da-Silva, M. R. (2024). Assessment of parenteral estradiol and dihydroxyprogesterone use among other feminizing regimens for transgender women: insights on satisfaction with breast development from community-based healthcare services. Annals of Medicine, 56(1), 2406458. [DOI:10.1080/07853890.2024.2406458]:
我们运用了早前发表的一次针对现有的、曾使用 EEn 或 EEn/DHPA 的顺性别女性相关开源资料的荟萃分析所用工具,对一系列研究进行了二次分析和整合。[…]
图五:对 EEn 单药或 EEn/DHPA 用于顺性别女性的雌二醇浓度—时间资料的荟萃分析。基于一次对 EEn 单药或 EEn/DHPA 用于顺性别女性的雌二醇浓度—时间资料的非正式荟萃分析的做法[17],对每项研究单独拟合其 30 日内的曲线,然后组合成一条单次用药后 0 日内的曲线。 […]
参考文献
[17] Aly. 2021. An informal meta-analysis of estradiol curves with injectable estradiol preparations. Transfeminine Sci. https:// transfemscience.org/articles/injectable-e2-meta-analysis/
后记三:Herndon et al. (2023)
2023 年三月,一篇有关注射用雌二醇用于女性倾向跨性别者的论文被在线发表:
Herndon, J. S., Maheshwari, A. K., Nippoldt, T. B., Carlson, S. J., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., & Chang, A. Y. (2023). Comparison of Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Estradiol Regimens as part of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. [性别肯定激素治疗中雌二醇以皮下、肌肉注射时的对比] Endocrine Practice, 29(5), 356–361. [DOI:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.02.006]
该研究是对在 Mayo 诊所接受激素治疗的女性倾向跨性别者各自的注射用雌二醇方案的一次回顾性分析。注射用雌二醇的剂量由医师根据雌二醇水平、睾酮抑制效果、女性化目标等进行调整,此后该诊所的研究者对这些临床资料进行回顾性研究。研究的主要目标是,将雌二醇经皮下、肌肉注射后的情况进行比较;不过,该研究还对注射用雌二醇的一般考虑因素进行评价——例如剂量、雌二醇水平、睾酮抑制效果、雌二醇酯的类型(戊酸雌二醇与环戊丙酸雌二醇的比较),以及雌二醇单药疗法和雌二醇、抗雄制剂联合疗法的比较等。 论文写道,其为迄今规模最大的、评价注射用雌二醇用于女性倾向跨性别者的研究,也是首次对皮下、肌肉注射用雌二醇用于女性倾向跨性别者的情况做直接比较的研究。
Rothman, M. S., Hamnvik, O. P. R., Davidge-Pitts, C., Safer, J. D., Ariel, D., Tangpricha, V., Abramowitz, J., Soe, K., Sarvaideo, J., Kelley, C., Irwig, M. S., & Iwamoto, S. J. (2024). Revisiting Injectable Estrogen Dosing Recommendations for Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. Transgender Health, 9(6), 463–465. [DOI:10.1089/trgh.2023.0209]
Rothman, M. S., Ariel, D., Kelley, C., Hamnvik, O. R., Abramowitz, J., Irwig, M. S., Soe, K., Davidge-Pitts, C., Misakian, A. L., Safer, J. D., & Iwamoto, S. J. (2024). The Use of Injectable Estradiol in Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults: A Scoping Review of Dose and Serum Estradiol Levels. Endocrine Practice, 30(9), 870–878. [DOI:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.05.008]
以上综述的作者除 Micol Rothman 本人以外,还有多名跨性别健康领域的知名专家:例如,Joshua Safer 和 Michael Irwig 不仅是以上综述的联名作者,也是 WPATH《SOC8》激素治疗章节的作者之二(见 WPATH SOC8 编写者名录);Safer 还是由美国内分泌学会制订的跨性别激素治疗指南的作者之一(Hembree et al., 2017)。由此看来,跨性别医学界已开始就注射用雌二醇剂量严谨地进行纠正;这是向前踏出的一大步。当前,还需更准确地确立适用于注射用雌二醇的剂量和用药间隔,且需要将纠正的成果推广到跨性别激素治疗指南的更新、和通行的临床实践上。
一份致编者的信函就 Rothman 及同行的第二份综述表达了一致的看法:
Patel, K. T., & Tangpricha, V. (2024). Parenteral Estradiol for Transgender Women: Time to adjust the dose. Endocrine Practice, 30(9), 893–894. [DOI:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.07.005]
Kariyawasam, N. M., Ahmad, T., Sarma, S., & Fung, R. (2025). Comparison of Estrone/Estradiol Ratio and Levels in Transfeminine Individuals on Different Routes of Estradiol. Transgender Health, 10(3), 261–268. [DOI:10.1089/trgh.2023.0138]
——译者注:该文章已被刊载,特此更新引文,“参考文献”同。
研究中将注射用雌二醇剂量分为多个不同等级,解释了何时进行采样,并对注射用雌二醇和其它途径进行了比较。其它途径有口服、舌下含服、透皮给药等。研究采用了戊酸雌二醇作为注射剂;依剂量高低,分为“低剂量组”(≤4 mg/周)、“中等剂量组”(>4 mg/周、≤8 mg/周)和“高剂量组”(>8 mg/周)。研究中“中等剂量”和“高剂量”(>4 mg/周)引起了超生理的雌二醇水平,且该水平大幅高于其它雌二醇途径(Data)。研究中的雌二醇水平中位数在后续的一份论文中有所报道(Rothman et al., 2024b):
Patel, R., Korenman, S., Weimer, A., & Grock, S. (2024). A Call for Updates to Hormone Therapy Guidelines for Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth. Cureus, 16(6), e62262. [DOI:10.7759/cureus.62262] [PDF]
最后,尽管 FDA 仅批准了戊酸雌二醇、环戊丙酸雌二醇用于肌肉注射,但还有众多患者倾向于皮下注射。一批小型研究表明,肌肉注射、皮下注射雌二醇的药代动力学是相似的 [4]。目前仅 UCSF《指南》提及了皮下注射雌二醇;其余指南应得到更新,收录这个选项以服务患者 [2]。
后记七:Toffoli Ribeiro et al. (2024)
Toffoli Ribeiro, C., Gois, Í., da Rosa Borges, M., Ferreira, L. G. A., Brandão Vasco, M., Ferreira, J. G., Maia, T. C., & Dias-da-Silva, M. R. (2024). Assessment of parenteral estradiol and dihydroxyprogesterone use among other feminizing regimens for transgender women: insights on satisfaction with breast development from community-based healthcare services. Annals of Medicine, 56(1), 2406458. [DOI:10.1080/07853890.2024.2406458]:
[17] Aly. 2021. An informal meta-analysis of estradiol curves with injectable estradiol preparations. Transfeminine Sci. https:// transfemscience.org/articles/injectable-e2-meta-analysis/
后记八:Misakian et al. (2025)
Misakian, A. L., Kelley, C. E., Sullivan, E. A., Chang, J. J., Singh, G., Kokosa, S., Avila, J., Cooper, H., Liang, J. W., Botzheim, B., Quint, M., Jeevananthan, A., Chi, E., Harmer, M., Hiatt, L., Kowalewski, M., Steinberg, B., Tausinga, T., Tanner, H., Ho, T. F., … Ariel, D. (2025). Injectable Estradiol Use in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals throughout the United States. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, dgaf015. [DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaf015]:
Milano, C., & Harper, J. (2025). Comments on Injectable Estradiol Use in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals in the US. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, dgaf134. [DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaf134]
后记九:Slack et al. (2025)
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Carlson, S. M., Dominguez, C., Jeevananthan, A., & Crowley, M. J. (2025). Follow-Up Estradiol Levels Based on Regimen Formulation With Guideline-Concordant Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 9(3), bvae205. [DOI:10.1210/jendso/bvae205]:
Kanin, M., Slack, M., Patel, R., Chen, K. T., Jackson, N., Williams, K. C., & Grock, S. (2025). Injectable Estradiol Dosing Regimens in Transgender and Nonbinary Adults Listed as Male at Birth. Journal of the Endocrine Society, bvaf004. [DOI:10.1210/jendso/bvaf004]:
Kanin, M., Slack, M., Patel, R., Chen, K. T., Jackson, N., Williams, K., & Grock, S. (2024). 8309 Injectable Estradiol Dosing Regimens; A Retrospective Review of Hormone Therapy for Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 8(Suppl 1), bvae163-1706. [DOI:10.1210/jendso/bvae163.1706]
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